Introduction to Meta-Analysis

This book provides a clear and systematic introduction to meta-analysis, explaining how data from multiple independent studies can be synthesized within the research process. It covers key concepts such as effect size calculation, fixed-effect and random-effects models, assessment and interpretation of variability across studies, common pitfalls, and ongoing controversies in meta-analysis. Written with a primarily conceptual approach and supported by formulas, figures, and worked examples, the book is suitable both as a course textbook and for self-directed study across disciplines including medicine, social sciences, education, and biomedical research.